NIOSH WARNS
OF DANGERS RELAED TO THE OPERATION AND USE OF SKID STEER LOADERS.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/skidalt.htm
WARNING!
Workers who operate or work near skid-steer loaders
may be crushed or caught by the machine or its parts.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) requests help in preventing injuries and deaths among workers who
operate,
service, or work near skid steer loaders. This type of
loader is commonly used in agriculture, construction, and general industry
for materials handling
and excavating. Recent NIOSH studies suggest that employers,
supervisors, and workers may not appreciate the hazards of operating or
working near
skid steer loaders; or they may not follow safe work
procedures for controlling these hazards. This Alert describes six deaths
involving skid steer loaders
and recommends methods for preventing similar incidents.
BACKGROUND
Risk of Injury
Skidsteer loaders put workers at risk of rollover and
runover incidents. But they also have features that expose workers to other
risks of injury.
For example, the operator's seat and controls are between
the lift arms and in front of the liftarm pivot points. Thus operators
of skidsteer loaders must enter and exit
from the loader through the front of the machine and
over the bucket. If the worker does not exit or enter properly, a foot
or hand control may be activated and may
cause movement of the lift arms, bucket, or other attachment.
Such an incident could cause death or serious injury.
Also, the machine is very compact and places the operator
close to the zone of movement for the lift arms (see Figure 1).
FIGURE 1.
Current Safeguards
Interlocking—To keep workers from unintentionally activating
controls, manufacturers of skidsteer loaders began to equip them with interlocked
control systems in
the early 1980s. These interlocked controls require that
a nonoperational control or fixture (such as a seat belt or restraint bar)
be secured or activated before
operational controls can function. Some machines connect
the liftarm control to the seat belt to prevent movement of the lift arm
unless the seat belt is fastened. Other
machines connect the liftarm control to a bar that must
be lowered in front of the operator or to a pressureswitch in the seat.
Manufacturers have recently introduced
electronic systems to perform the interlocking function.
Rollover Protective Structures—Skidsteer loaders now come
equipped with rollover protective structures (ROPS), side screens, and
seat belts to protect the
operator if the machine turns over. The side screens
keep the operator from coming into contact with moving lift arms.
Fatality Data
Several databases identify workrelated fatalities in the
United States:
NTOF—The NIOSH National
Traumatic Occupational Fatalities Surveillance System
FACE—The NIOSH Fatality
Assessment and Control Evaluation Program
CFOI—The Census of
Fatal Occupational Injuries of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
The following subsections summarize the data on fatalities
involving skidsteer loaders.
NTOF—During the period 1980-92, the NTOF Surveillance
System used death certificate data to identify 54 workrelated fatalities
involving skidsteer loaders
[NIOSH 1997b]. These fatalities resulted from the following
types of incidents:
Number of victims
Pinning between the bucket and frame of the machine or between the lift
arms and frame
25 (46%)
Crushing incidents for which no further information was provided
15
Rollovers
11
Pinning between the loader and another object
2
Being run over
1
An additional 65 fatalities were attributed to pinning
between the bucket and frame or between the loader lift arms and frame,
but no loader type was identified. A
number of these fatalities may have involved skidsteer
loaders. The NTOF data probably underestimate the number of fatalities
involving skidsteer loaders because
death certificates do not identify all workrelated fatalities
[Russell and Conroy 1991; Stout and Bell 1991].
FACE—During the period 1992-97, the NIOSH FACE program
identified 37workrelated fatalities involving skidsteer loaders. These
fatalities resulted from the
following types of incidents:
Number of victims
Pinning between the bucket and frame of the machine or between the lift
arms and frame
29 (78%)
Rollovers
6
Other/unknown
2
The 29 fatalities involving pinning between the bucket
and frame or between the lift arms and frame resulted from the following
activities:
Number of victims
Working or standing under a raised loader bucket
10
Leaning out of the operator's compartment into the path of the moving lift
arms (pinned against frame)
8
Entering or exiting (pinned between bucket and frame)
5
Unknown (pinned between bucket and frame)
6
CFOI—During the period 1992-94, the CFOI identified 20
workrelated fatalities involving skidsteer loaders. Of these 20 fatalities,
14 (70%) involved pinning
between the loader bucket and frame or between the lift
arms and frame. The CFOI uses multiple sources of information to identify
workrelated fatalities.
CURRENT STANDARDS
OSHA Regulations
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) regulations for the construction industry do not specifically address
skidsteer loaders. However,
they require employers to protect workers from several
hazards associated with operating and maintaining these machines.
The OSHA regulations apply to motor vehicles, mechanized
equipment, and marine operations. They address operator restraints, operating
procedures, rollover
protection, machine guarding, and maintenance procedures.
The OSHA regulations that apply to skidsteer loaders are summarized as
follows:
Seat belts shall
be provided, and they shall meet the requirements of the Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) standard, Seat Belts for Construction
Equipment (J386?1969)
[29 CFR* 1926.602(a)(2)].
*Code of Federal Regulations. See CFR in references.
All bidirectional
machines shall be equipped with a horn, distinguishable from the surrounding
noise level, which shall be operated as needed when the
machine is moving
in either direction [29 CFR 1926.602(a)(9)(i)].
Scissors points on
all frontend loaders, which constitute a hazard to the operator during
normal operation, shall be guarded [29 CFR 1926.602(a)(10)].
Endloader buckets
and similar equipment shall be either fully lowered or blocked when being
repaired or when not in use. All controls shall be in a neutral
position, with the
motors stopped and the brakes set, unless work being performed requires
otherwise [29 CFR 1926.600(a)(3)(i)].
Equipment manufactured
on or after September 1, 1972, shall be equipped with ROPS which meet the
minimum performance standards prescribed in 29
CFR 1926.1001 and
1926.1002 or shall be designed, fabricated, and installed in a manner which
will support, based on the ultimate strength of the metal, at
least two times
the weight of the equipment applied at the point of impact [29 CFR 1926.1000(b)
and 1926.1000(c)(2)].
No modifications
or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment
shall be made without the manufacturer’s written approval. If such
modifications or
changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction
plates, tags, or decals shall be changed accordingly [29 CFR
1926.602(c)(ii)].
ANSI/SAE Standard
The SAE has developed a standard for the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) addressing skidsteer loaders. The SAE standard
SAE J1388 (June 1985)
contains design guidelines that address machine rollovers
and the hazards of pinning between the lift arms and frame and between
the bucket and frame [ANSI/SAE
1985]. To conform with this recommended practice, manufacturers
must do the following:
Provide warnings,
operator instructions, and service procedures
Equip the machine
with seat belts
Provide a means to
prevent the lift arm from lowering when the operator is entering or exiting
from the machine
Provide handholds
and steps to facilitate entry and exit from the loader
Provide ROPS with
side screens
Provide two openings
for emergency exit
Provide safety signs
and instructions to warn of hazards during normal operations and servicing
CASE REPORTS
The cases presented here were investigated by the FACE
Program between 1992 and 1997.
Case No. 1—Defeat of Interlocked Controls
On February 7, 1995, a 37yearold male farmer died after
he was struck by the falling bucket of a skidsteer loader. The incident
occurred after the victim used the
loader for chores and parked it in an open garage without
cleaning accumulated mud, snow, and manure from the footoperated liftarm
and bucket controls. When the
victim shut down the machine and exited from it, he stepped
on the liftarm control, moving it to the lift position. The debris then
froze, locking the controls in place.
After about an hour, the victim returned, entered the
loader, and started the engine. The lift arms rose until the bucket contacted
the header over the open garage door.
The victim shut down the machine, dismounted, knelt on
the ground under the raised bucket in front of the machine, and began cleaning
the frozen controls with a pry
bar. While cleaning, he unintentionally moved the liftarm
foot pedal control to the down position. The lift arms suddenly moved down,
pinning the victim between the
bucket and frame of the machine. The victim was discovered
by his wife, who immediately boarded the machine, started the engine, and
attempted to raise the bucket.
However, the controls had frozen again, and she was not
able to activate the liftcontrol pedal. A farm employee unsuccessfully
tried to raise the bucket with a jack.
The victim was freed by a local fire department. Resuscitation
efforts began at the scene and continued during transport of the victim
to a local hospital, but they were
unsuccessful. The victim was pronounced dead at the hospital
emergency room [University of Iowa 1995].
Although several factors contributed to the injury, two
factors were critical:
1. The interlock
system for the liftarm control had been defeated by a glove that was jammed
into the linkage connected to the seat belt. A working interlock
system would have
prevented the liftarms from rising when the victim started the engine.
2. The clearance
inside the garage was low and prevented the lift arms from rising enough
to use the liftarm supports (sliding pins) mounted near the top of
the ROPS.
Case No. 2—Improper Exit
On October 29, 1993, a 26-year-old male hog farmer was
fatally injured when he was caught between the frame of a skidsteer loader
and the liftarm hydraulic
cylinder. The victim was working alone, using the loader
to pile manure in one corner of a hog containment building. The loader's
protective cage (ROPS) had been
removed to permit operation under the 6 to 6* foot ceiling
of the building. The liftarm support could be used only when the lift arms
were fully raised. The loader
stalled in front of and facing the manure pile with the
bucket raised, preventing the victim from dismounting through the front
of the machine. As he attempted to
climb over the side of the machine, he unintentionally
hit the liftarm control lever, causing the lift arms to drop and crush
him against the frame. A family member
called 911, and first responders released the victim
using a large frontend loader and chain. The victim was transported to
a hospital where he was pronounced dead
on arrival as a result of respiratory arrest after a
crush injury to the chest wall [Minnesota Department of Health 1994].
Case No. 3—Unsupported Bucket
On March 4, 1994, a 24-year-old male landscaping worker
died from injuries sustained while cleaning snow from the operating pedals
of a skidsteer loader. Using
the loader and a pickup truck equipped with a snow plow,
the victim and a coworker had begun clearing snow from the parking lot
and walkways of a condominium
complex. On arrival at the jobsite the morning of the
incident, the victim borrowed a snow brush/scraper from his coworker to
clear snow from the loader. This
machine was equipped with control interlocks connected
to a safety bar that had to be lowered over the operator before the engine
could be started or the foot-operated
liftarm controls would work. The victim started the machine,
raised the bucket, and dismounted by wriggling under or climbing over the
safety bar. When the
coworker plowing snow with the pickup truck made a pass
through the area, he observed the victim standing under the raised bucket,
leaning into the operator's
compartment. Returning for a second pass, the coworker
saw the victim pinned between the bucket and frame. While cleaning the
snow from the foot wells of the
operator's compartment, the victim had activated the
liftarm control. The bucket moved down and crushed the victim against the
frame of the machine. The
emergency medical service responded minutes later and
freed the victim. He was transported to a regional hospital where he was
pronounced dead from blunt chest
trauma. Although the equipment manufacturer sold a liftarm
support designed for this machine, it was not available at the jobsite
[Massachusetts Department of
Public Health 1994].
Case No. 4—Working Near a Raised Bucket
On July 16, 1992, a 16-year-old male landscaping worker
died as a result of traumatic injuries from being struck by the bucket
of a skidsteer loader. The victim and
two coworkers were removing a fence that surrounded a
housing development drainage pond. The fence had been hung on 1 by 2-inch
wooden stakes near the
bottom of the pond's bank, which had a 20% slope. The
loader was being used to pull up the stakes, since overgrowth around the
pond made it difficult to remove
them by hand. The worker operating the loader positioned
it about midway from the top of the bank, facing down the slope with the
bucket lowered. The victim and
the other coworker stood near the bottom of the bank
and wound the fence around the loader bucket. The loader operator pulled
the stake by raising the lift arms. He
then moved the machine to the next stake and lowered
the bucket to repeat the process. As the operator was raising the lift
arms to pull the third stake, the loader
tipped forward. To stabilize the machine, the operator
lowered the bucket. At the same time, the victim (who had been standing
in front and to the side of the loader)
slipped and fell beneath the bucket. The bucket struck
him in the chest and he died shortly after from traumatic chest injuries
[Minnesota Department of Health 1992].
Case No. 5—Improper Backing Procedures
On September 20, 1996, a 43-year-old landscaping worker
died after he backed a skidsteer loader over a 6-foot concrete retaining
wall. At the time of the incident, the
victim was spreading topsoil to prepare for grass seeding.
He performed the task by driving toward the wall with a fresh load of topsoil
in the bucket, depositing the
soil near the wall, then backing up and dragging the
bucket to spread the soil more evenly. The incident occurred as the victim
finished dumping a load of topsoil and
before he began to back up. As he approached the edge
of the work area, he turned the loader around and backed toward the wall,
dragging the bucket on the ground.
The left rear tire of the machine went over the wall
followed by the right rear tire. The machine struck the ground rear end
first, coming to rest on its left side. The
victim, who was not wearing a seat belt, remained inside
the cab but came out of the operator's seat. He was knocked unconscious,
with his head and chest wedged
between the seat and the side screen. The event was unwitnessed,
but several coworkers heard the impact and came immediately to the victim's
aid. Emergency
personnel were unable to find a pulse, and the victim
was pronounced dead at the scene by the medical examiner. The cause of
death was asphyxiation due to
occlusion of the airway [Missouri Department of Health
1996].
Case No. 6—Removed Side Screens
On July 6, 1997, a 25-year-old male worker for a tree-trimming
service was fatally injured when he was caught by the descending lift arm
of an operating skidsteer
loader. At the time of the incident, he was using the
loader to pick up brush and stumps in a residential area. The side screens
on the machine had been removed.
Following a lunch break, the victim resumed operating
the loader to gather yard debris and deposit it in a dump truck. As he
was loading a log into the truck, he
placed his head outside the operator's compartment in
the path of the lift arm. The lift arm moved down when the victim unintentionally
stepped on the foot-operated
lift control or when hydraulic pressure was lost because
of a ruptured line. A passing homeowner noticed hydraulic fluid spraying
from the machine and alerted one
of the victim's coworkers, who found the victim sitting
in the operator's seat with his head crushed by the lift arm. The cause
of death was recorded as a crushed
cranium due to a heavy equipment accident. Emergency
personnel at the scene noted that the left main pivot pin connecting the
lift arm to the frame was missing.
Investigators concluded that the pin might have disengaged
while the lift arm was down in the carry position, resulting in dislocation
of the lift arm and rupture of the
hydraulic line [NIOSH 1997a].
CONCLUSIONS
These fatal incidents suggest that employers and workers
may not fully appreciate the hazards associated with operating or working
near skidsteer loaders, the need to
follow safe work procedures, or the consequences of bypassing
interlocks and other safety features.
RECOMMENDATIONS
NIOSH recommends that employers and workers comply with
OSHA regulations, maintain equipment in accordance with ANSI/SAE standards,
and take the
following measures to prevent injury when operating or
working near skidsteer loaders:
Always use and maintain
the safety devices provided by manufacturers:
—Liftarm supports
—Interlocked controls
—Seat belts
—ROPS
Follow safe operating
procedures.
Follow safe mounting
and dismounting procedures.
Follow proper maintenance
procedures.
Train workers to
read and follow the manufacturer’s procedures for operating and servicing
skidsteer loaders.
The following subsections discuss these recommendations
in detail.
Using and Maintaining Safety Devices Provided by Manufacturers
Regularly inspect and maintain all safety devices provided
by manufacturers.
Liftarm supports—Use the liftarm supports provided by
or recommended by the manufacturer when it is necessary to work or move
around the machine with the
bucket in a raised position while the controls are unattended.
Machines now being manufactured have either the pintype supports (which
can be operated from inside
the operator’s cab) or the strut-type supports (which
may also be operated from inside the cab or may require the help of a coworker).
If the machine is not equipped
with lift arm supports, contact the equipment dealer
or manufacturer’s representative for help in selecting proper support procedures.
Never use concrete blocks as
supports. They can collapse under even light loads. Hoists
and jacks used for support must be free of defects such as bent, cracked,
or twisted parts or pinched,
frayed, or twisted cable. They must also be capable of
supporting the load.
Interlocked controls—Regularly inspect and maintain interlocked
controls in proper operating condition. These systems require the operator
to be properly
positioned and restrained before the loader can be used.
Never bypass or defeat interlocked controls. Make sure that the seat belt
is always securely fastened around
the operator when the loader is in operation. Always
use restraint bars if they are provided. Although workers and employers
may perceive safety features such as
interlocked controls and seat belts as obstacles to efficient
machine operation, bypassing these devices increases the risk of death
or serious injury.
Seat belts—Make sure that the seat belt is secured around
the operator whenever the seat is occupied. The seat belt protects the
operator in several ways. If seat belts
are part of the interlocked control system, they protect
workers from being caught and crushed between the lift arms and frame.
During rollovers, the seat belt
maintains the operator within the protective envelope
of the ROPS. The seat belt can also protect the operator from leaning or
being jostled into the operating zone of
the lift arms and bucket.
Retrofit packages—If side screens, interlocks, ROPS, and
seat belts are not present, contact the equipment dealer or manufacturer's
representative about the
availability of retrofit packages or replacement parts.
Operating Safely
If you are an employer, make sure that your workers understand
all manufacturers' warnings and instructions before they operate skidsteer
loaders. Train workers to
use the following safe operating procedures:
Operate the loader
from the operator's compartment—never from the outside.
Stay seated when
operating the loader controls.
Work with the seat
belt fastened and the restraint bar in place.
Keep your arms, legs,
and head inside the cab while operating the loader.
When possible, plan
to load, unload, and turn on level ground.
For maximum stability,
travel and turn with the bucket in the lowest position possible.
Never exceed the
manufacturer's recommended load capacity for the machine.
Operate on stable
surfaces only.
Avoid traveling across
slopes; travel straight up or down with the heavy end of the machine pointed
uphill.
Always face the direction
of travel.
Keep bystanders away
from the work area.
NEVER modify or bypass
safety devices.
Entering and Exiting from the Loader Safely
Enter only when the
bucket or other attachment is flat on the ground—or when the lift-arm supports
are in place. Use supports supplied or recommended by
the manufacturer.
When entering the
loader, face the seat and keep a threepoint contact with handholds and
steps.
Never use foot or
hand controls for steps or handholds.
Keep all walking
and working surfaces clean and clear of debris.
Before leaving the
operator's seat,
—lower the bucket or other attachment flat to the ground,
—set the parking brake, and
—turn off the engine.
If you are unable
to exit through the front of the machine, use the emergency exit through
the roof or across the back.
Maintaining the Loader in Safe Operating Condition
Follow the manufacturer's
instructions for maintaining the loader.
Keep the foot controls
and the operator's compartment free of mud, ice, snow, and debris.
Before servicing
the loader,
—set the parking brake,
—lower the bucket or other attachment flat to the ground,
—turn off the engine, and
—remove the key from the switch.
If the machine cannot
be serviced with the bucket on the ground, use the lift arm supports recommended
or provided by the manufacturer. If the machine is
not equipped with
lift arm supports, contact the equipment dealer or manufacturer's representative
for help in selecting proper supports.
Never work on the
machine with the engine running unless directed to do so by the operator's
manual. Follow the manufacturer's safety recommendations to
complete the task.
If the adjustments require that the engine be in operation, use two persons
to perform the task.
Training
Train operators and workers who service the loaders to
read and follow the manufacturer's operating and service procedures given
in the operator's manuals and on
the loader's warning signs. For help with such training,
contact the equipment manufacturer. Obtain manuals, instructional videos,
and operator training courses from
the equipment dealer or manufacturer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Principal contributors to this Alert were Paul H. Moore
and Stephanie G. Pratt of the NIOSH Division of Safety Research. Cases
presented in this Alert were
contributed by Margaret Wilcox, formerly of the Massachusetts
Department of Public Health; Georjean Madery, formerly of the Minnesota
Department of Health;
Steven Kerr, formerly of the Minnesota Department of
Health; Thomas Ray of the Missouri Department of Health; and Wayne Johnson
and Risto Rautiainen of the
University of Iowa. Please direct any comments, questions,
or requests for additional information to the following:
Dr. Nancy A. Stout, Director
Division of Safety Research
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1095 Willowdale Road
Morgantown, WV 26505-2888
Telephone: 304-285-5894; or call 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674).
We greatly appreciate your help in protecting the safety
and health of U.S. workers.
Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H.
Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
REFERENCES
ANSI/SAE [1985]. Surface vehicle recommended practice:
personnel protections—skidsteer loaders. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., SAE
J1388 (June 1985).
CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.
Massachusetts Department of Public Health [1994]. Massachusetts
landscaper/laborer dies when crushed in small skidsteer loader. Boston,
MA: Massachusetts
Department of Public Health, Massachusetts Fatality Assessment
and Control Evaluation (MA FACE) Report No. 94-MA-14.
Minnesota Department of Health [1992]. Landscape laborer
dies after being struck by the bucket of a skidsteer loader. Minneapolis,
MN: Minnesota Department of
Health, Minnesota Fatal Accident and Circumstances and
Epidemiology (MN FACE) Report No. MN9209.
Minnesota Department of Health [1994]. Farmer suffers
fatal crushing injuries when caught between a loader's hydraulic cylinder
and its body frame. Minneapolis,
MN: Minnesota Department of Health, Minnesota Fatality
Assessment and Control Evaluation (MN FACE) Report No. 93MN06601.
Missouri Department of Health [1996]. Skidsteer loader
operator dies after backingloader off sixfoot retaining wall. Jefferson
City, MO: Missouri Department of
Health, Missouri Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation
(MO FACE) Report No. 96MO082.
NIOSH [1997a]. Laborer dies when caught between boom links
and lift cylinder of skidsteer loading machine—North Carolina. Morgantown,
WV: U. S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health,
Division of Safety Research, Fatality Assessment and
Control Evaluation (FACE) Report No. 97-20.
NIOSH [1997b]. National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities
(NTOF) Surveillance System. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services,
Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Unpublished
database.
Russell J, Conroy C [1991]. Representativeness of deaths
identified through the injuryatwork item on the death certificate: implications
for surveillance. Am J Public
Health 81(12):1613-1618.
Stout N, Bell C [1991]. Effectiveness of source documents
for identifying fatal occupational injuries: a synthesis of studies. Am
J Public Health 81(6):725-728.
University of Iowa [1995]. Farmer dies while cleaning
foot pedals of skidsteer loader—Iowa. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa,
Iowa Fatality Assessment and
Control Evaluation (IA FACE) Report No. 95-01.
Preventing Injuries and Deaths from
Skid Steer Loaders
WARNING!
Workers who operate or work near skid-steer loaders may be crushed or caught
by the machine or its parts.
If you operate or work near skid steer loaders, take these
steps to protect yourself.
1. Follow safe operating procedures:
Operate the loader
from the operator's compartment—never from the outside.
Stay seated when
operating the loader controls.
Work with the seat
belt fastened and the restraint bar in place.
Keep your arms,
legs, and head inside the cab while operating the loader.
Load, unload, and
turn on level ground when possible.
Travel and turn
with the bucket in the lowest position possible.
Operate on stable
surfaces only.
Do not travel across
slopes. Travel straight up or down, with the heavy end of the machine pointed
uphill.
Keep bystanders
away from the work area.
Never disable safety
devices.
2. Enter and exit from the loader safely:
Enter the loader
only when the bucket is flat on the ground—or when the lift arm supports
are in place.
When entering the
loader, face the seat and keep a threepoint contact with handholds and
steps.
Never use foot or
hand controls for steps or handholds.
Keep all walking
and working surfaces clean and clear.
Before leaving the
operator's seat,
—lower the bucket
flat to the ground,
—set the parking
brake, and
—turn off the engine.
3. Maintain the machine in safe operating condition:
Follow the manufacturer's
instructions.
Keep the foot controls
free of mud, ice, snow, and debris.
Regularly inspect
and maintain
—Interlocked controls
—Safety belts
—Restraint bars
—Side screens
—Rollover protective
structures (ROPS)
NEVER modify or
bypass safety devices.
If you must perform
service under a raised bucket, use the lift arm supports.
DISCLAIMER
Mention of any company or product does not constitute
endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.
Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Publications Dissemination
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998
Fax number: (513) 533-8573
Telephone number: 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674)
Email: pubstaft@cdc.gov
To receive other information about occupational safety and health problems,
call 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674), or visit the NIOSH Homepage
on the World Wide Web at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-117
February 1998
BACK TO TOP
|
